The following has evaluated to null or missing:
==> .vars['reserved-article-group-id'] [in template "161555#161602#ARTICLE-PAGE---HERO" at line 14, column 20]
----
Tip: It's the final [] step that caused this error, not those before it.
----
Tip: If the failing expression is known to legally refer to something that's sometimes null or missing, either specify a default value like myOptionalVar!myDefault, or use <#if myOptionalVar??>when-present<#else>when-missing</#if>. (These only cover the last step of the expression; to cover the whole expression, use parenthesis: (myOptionalVar.foo)!myDefault, (myOptionalVar.foo)??
----
----
FTL stack trace ("~" means nesting-related):
- Failed at: #assign groupId = .vars["reserved-art... [in template "161555#161602#ARTICLE-PAGE---HERO" at line 14, column 1]
----
1<#assign namespace = randomNamespace />
2<#assign JSONFactoryUtil = staticUtil["com.liferay.portal.kernel.json.JSONFactoryUtil"] />
3<#assign journalArticleLocalService = serviceLocator.findService("com.liferay.journal.service.JournalArticleLocalService") />
4<#assign containerId = randomNamespace />
5<#assign shareURL = themeDisplay.getPortalURL()+themeDisplay.getURLCurrent()/>
6
7<#-- Auto-assign ALL category to every article -->
8<#assign assetCategoryLocalService = serviceLocator.findService("com.liferay.asset.kernel.service.AssetCategoryLocalService") />
9<#assign assetEntryLocalService = serviceLocator.findService("com.liferay.asset.kernel.service.AssetEntryLocalService") />
10<#assign journalArticleLocalService = serviceLocator.findService("com.liferay.journal.service.JournalArticleLocalService") />
11
12<#-- Get current JournalArticle -->
13<#assign articleId = .vars['reserved-article-id'].data />
14<#assign groupId = .vars['reserved-article-group-id'].data?number />
15<#assign journalArticle = journalArticleLocalService.getArticle(groupId, articleId) />
16
17<#-- Get AssetEntry for this article -->
18<#assign assetEntry = assetEntryLocalService.getEntry("com.liferay.journal.model.JournalArticle", journalArticle.getResourcePrimKey()) />
19
20<#-- Your ALL category ID -->
21<#assign allCategoryId = 4614994 />
22
23<#-- Assign ALL category if not already set -->
24<#if !assetEntry.getCategories()?seq_contains(assetCategoryLocalService.getCategory(allCategoryId))>
25 <#assign categoryIds = assetEntry.getCategoryIds() + [allCategoryId] />
26 ${assetEntryLocalService.updateEntry(
27 assetEntry.getUserId(),
28 assetEntry.getGroupId(),
29 assetEntry.getClassName(),
30 assetEntry.getClassPK(),
31 assetEntry.getUuid(),
32 assetEntry.getClassTypeId(),
33 categoryIds,
34 assetEntry.getTagNames()
35 )}
36</#if>
37
38<div class="hero jmarticle__hero-main-container">
39 <div class="container">
40 <div class="row">
41 <div class="article__cont">
42 <h1 class="article__heading">${Title.getData()}</h1>
43 <#if (SubTitle.getData())??>
44 <p class="article__para">
45 ${SubTitle.getData()}
46 </p>
47 </#if>
48
49 <#assign Date_Data=getterUtil.getString(Date.getData())>
50 <#if validator.isNotNull(Date_Data)>
51 <p class="article__date">
52 <#assign Date_DateObj=dateUtil.parseDate("yyyy-MM-dd", Date_Data, locale)>
53 ${dateUtil.getDate(Date_DateObj, "dd MMMM yyyy", locale)}
54 </p>
55 </#if>
56
57 <#if Link_Title?? && Link_Title.getData()?has_content>
58 <#list Link_Title.getSiblings() as cur_Link_Title>
59 <#if cur_Link_Title?? && cur_Link_Title.getData()?has_content>
60 <#assign linkHref="#" />
61 <#assign target="" />
62
63 <#assign rowId = containerId + cur_Link_Title?index />
64 <#if cur_Link_Title.Link_Internal?? && cur_Link_Title.Link_Internal.getFriendlyUrl()?has_content>
65 <#assign linkHref=cur_Link_Title.Link_Internal.getFriendlyUrl() />
66 <#elseif cur_Link_Title.Link_Media?? && cur_Link_Title.Link_Media.getData()?has_content>
67 <#assign linkHref=cur_Link_Title.Link_Media.getData() />
68 <#elseif cur_Link_Title.Link_Mailto?? && cur_Link_Title.Link_Mailto.getData()?has_content>
69 <#assign linkHref="mailto:" + cur_Link_Title.Link_Mailto.getData() />
70 <#elseif cur_Link_Title.Link_External?? && cur_Link_Title.Link_External.getData()?has_content>
71 <#assign linkHref=cur_Link_Title.Link_External.getData() />
72 </#if>
73 <#if (cur_Link_Title.Link_Target??) && (cur_Link_Title.Link_Target.getData())?has_content>
74 <#assign target=cur_Link_Title.Link_Target.getData() />
75 </#if>
76 <div id="blue_button_click_div" data-analytics-asset-type="custom">
77 <div class="jmarticle__hero-btn-list">
78 <a id="panel_blue_button_${rowId}" class="article__btn" href="${linkHref}" title="${cur_Link_Title.getData()}" target="${target}" data-analytics-asset-action="click" onclick="onBlueButtonClick(this)" >
79 <span class="btn__text">${cur_Link_Title.getData()}</span>
80 <span class="arrow__forward"></span>
81 </a>
82 </div>
83 </div>
84 </#if>
85 </#list>
86 </#if>
87 <div class="article-download-share">
88
89 <#if PDFTitle?? && PDFTitle.getData()?has_content>
90 <#assign title = PDFTitle.getData() />
91 <#assign pdf_link = "#" />
92 <#assign pdfrowId = containerId />
93 <#if PDFTitle.PDF?? && PDFTitle.PDF.getData()?has_content>
94 <#assign pdf_link = PDFTitle.PDF.getData() />
95 </#if>
96 <div class="article-download">
97 <div id="blue_button_click_div" data-analytics-asset-type="custom">
98 <div class="jmarticle__hero-btn-list">
99 <a id="panel_blue_button_${pdfrowId}" class="article__btn" href="${pdf_link}" title="${title}" data-analytics-asset-action="click" onclick="onBlueButtonClick(this)">
100 <span class="btn__text">${title}</span>
101 <span class="arrow__forward"></span>
102 </a>
103 <a id="panel_blue_button_${pdfrowId}" class="article__btn-mobile" href="${pdf_link}" title="${title}" data-analytics-asset-action="click" onclick="onBlueButtonClick(this)">
104 <img src="${themeDisplay.getPathThemeImages()}/new__jm__images/download-white-icon.svg" alt="twitter image"/>
105 </a>
106 </div>
107 </div>
108 </div>
109 </#if>
110
111 </div>
112
113 </div>
114 </div>
115 <#if (ImageLarge.getData())?? && ImageLarge.getData() != "">
116 <div class="row jmarticle__hero-banner" id="jmarticle__hero-${namespace}"
117 style="background-image: url(${ImageLarge.getData()})">
118 </#if>
119
120 </div>
121 </div>
122</div>
123
124<#if Author?? && Author.getData()?has_content>
125 <div class="jmarticle__author-info">
126 <div class="container">
127 <div class="hero__bar">
128 <#list Author.getSiblings() as cur_Author>
129 <#if cur_Author?? && cur_Author.getData()?has_content>
130 <#assign
131 webContentData = jsonFactoryUtil.createJSONObject(cur_Author.getData())
132 gId = groupId
133 journalArticle = journalArticleLocalService.getArticleByUrlTitle(gId, webContentData.title)
134 docXML = saxReaderUtil.read(journalArticle.getContent())
135
136 fName = docXML.valueOf("//dynamic-element[@name='FullName']/dynamic-content/text()")
137 jobTitle = docXML.valueOf("//dynamic-element[@name='JobTitle']/dynamic-content/text()")
138 role = docXML.valueOf("//dynamic-element[@name='ContactInfo']/dynamic-content/text()")
139 photoXML = docXML.valueOf("//dynamic-element[@name='Photo']/dynamic-content/text()")
140 photoSrc = JSONFactoryUtil.createJSONObject(photoXML).getString("uuid")
141 fullName = docXML.valueOf("//dynamic-element[@name='Title']/dynamic-content/text()")
142 authorImageXML = docXML.valueOf("//dynamic-element[@name='ImageLarge']/dynamic-content/text()")
143 authImageSrc = JSONFactoryUtil.createJSONObject(authorImageXML).getString("uuid")
144 summary = docXML.valueOf("//dynamic-element[@name='Summary']/dynamic-content/text()")
145 />
146
147 <div class="author">
148 <figure class="author__image">
149 <#if authImageSrc?? && authImageSrc?has_content>
150 <img src="/documents/${groupId}/${authImageSrc}" alt="${fullName}" class="author_img_class_new">
151 <#elseif photoSrc?? && photoSrc?has_content>
152 <img src="/documents/${groupId}/${photoSrc}" alt="${fName}" class="author_img_class_new">
153 </#if>
154 </figure>
155 <div class="author__details d-flex flex-column">
156 <h3 class="author__name">
157 <a rel="author">
158 <#if fullName?? && fullName?has_content>
159 ${fullName}
160 <#elseif fName?? && fName?has_content>
161 ${fName}
162 </#if>
163 </a>
164 </h3>
165 <p class="author__desc text-size-a author_job_title">
166 <#if jobTitle?? && jobTitle?has_content>
167 ${jobTitle}
168 </#if>
169 </p>
170 <span>
171 <p class="author__desc text-size-a">
172 <#if summary?? && summary?has_content>
173 ${summary}
174 </#if>
175 <#if role?? && role?has_content>
176 ${role}
177 </#if>
178 </p>
179 </span>
180 </div>
181 <div>
182 <div class="author__contact">
183 <ul class="author__contact-list">
184 </ul>
185 </div>
186 </div>
187 </div>
188 </#if>
189 </#list>
190 </div>
191 </div>
192 </div>
193</#if>
194
195
196
197<div class="container">
198 <div class="row">
199 <div class="article__intro">
200 <#if (Introduction.getData())??>
201 ${Introduction.getData()}
202 </#if>
203
204 <div class="article-download-share">
205
206 <#if PDFTitle?? && PDFTitle.getData()?has_content>
207 <#assign title = PDFTitle.getData() />
208 <#assign pdf_link = "#" />
209 <#assign pdfrowId = containerId />
210 <#if PDFTitle.PDF?? && PDFTitle.PDF.getData()?has_content>
211 <#assign pdf_link = PDFTitle.PDF.getData() />
212 </#if>
213 <div class="article-download">
214 <div id="blue_button_click_div" data-analytics-asset-type="custom">
215 <div class="jmarticle__hero-btn-list">
216 <a id="panel_blue_button_${pdfrowId}" class="article__btn" href="${pdf_link}" title="${title}" data-analytics-asset-action="click" onclick="onBlueButtonClick(this)">
217 <span class="btn__text">${title}</span>
218 <span class="arrow__forward"></span>
219 </a>
220 <a id="panel_blue_button_${pdfrowId}" class="article__btn-mobile" href="${pdf_link}" title="${title}" data-analytics-asset-action="click" onclick="onBlueButtonClick(this)">
221 <img src="${themeDisplay.getPathThemeImages()}/new__jm__images/download-white-icon.svg" alt="twitter image"/>
222 </a>
223 </div>
224 </div>
225 </div>
226 </#if>
227
228
229 <div class="article-share">
230 <a href="https://linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=${shareURL}&title=<#if (Title.getData())??>${Title.getData()}</#if>" target="_blank">
231 <img class="socialicons__img" src="${themeDisplay.getPathThemeImages()}/new__jm__images/social_icons-LinkedIN.png" alt="twitter image"/>
232 </a>
233 <a href="https://twitter.com/share?url=${shareURL}&text=<#if (Title.getData())??>${Title.getData()}</#if>" target="_blank">
234 <img class="socialicons__img" src="${themeDisplay.getPathThemeImages()}/new__jm__images/social_icons-Twitter.png" alt="twitter image"/>
235 </a>
236 </div>
237 </div>
238
239 </div>
240 </div>
241</div>
242
243<style>
244 img.author_img_class_new {
245 width: 100% !important;
246 height: 100% !important;
247 position: absolute;
248 margin: auto;
249 top: 0;
250 bottom: 0;
251 }
252
253 .article__btn:focus-visible {
254 outline: 2px solid blue !important;
255}
256
257@media (min-width: 320px) and (max-width: 650px) {
258 .article__intro li {
259 margin-left: -32px !important;
260 }
261 .journal-content-article .container .article__intro {
262 margin-top: 22px !important;
263}
264}
265@media (min-width: 540px) and (max-width: 834px) {
266 .article__intro li {
267 margin-left: -32px !important;
268 }
269 .article__intro {
270 margin: 60px 15px 0 5px !important;
271 }
272}
273
274@media (min-width: 320px) and (max-width: 539px){
275.jmarticle__author-info {
276 padding: 0px 0;
277}
278.jmarticle__author-info .author__image {
279 width: 39px;
280 height: 40px;
281}
282
283.jmarticle__author-info .author__name a {
284 line-height: 0px;
285 font-size: 18px !important;
286 margin-right: 10px;
287}
288
289.jmarticle__author-info .author__desc {
290
291 line-height: 14px;
292 font-size: 12px !important;
293 margin-bottom: 7px;
294}
295}
296
297</style>
By now, we are familiar with the supply and demand debate around critical raw materials to support the energy transition away from fossil fuels to sustainable alternatives. We face unprecedented demand for materials essential for the development of clean energy technologies, but it’s important to understand the value chain of each energy metal in its entirety so as not to derail the deployment of technologies that will help achieve net zero sustainably and with the required urgency.
Platinum is one of these critical materials, essential for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) and other technologies like PEM electrolysers and fuel cell stationary power systems. Unlike many other critical metals, however, platinum is ready and available for this large new energy transition market. It benefits from established and highly regulated mining supply, effective global recycling networks, and strong above-ground stock levels. Further, natural shifts in demand will mean that existing platinum supply can accommodate the scaling up of hydrogen technologies to mass production levels.
In the context of increasingly apparent constraints on many other metals critical for the energy transition, platinum presents a valuable opportunity, and it must be seized.
Platinum can support mass production of FCEVs within its existing supply base
Most of the world’s platinum supplies are mined in southern Africa, mainly South Africa. While this limited geography has been seen as a geopolitical risk, this is unlikely to limit platinum supplies.
Mining in this region is heavily regulated and performed by large, multi-national, listed mining companies responsible to shareholders and other stakeholders, that typically sell metal internationally through long-term contracts. These companies have an established track record for managing political and economic challenges, as shown by the resilience of PGM output despite unusually prolonged strike action in 2014 and Covid-19 in 2020. They are also investing to ensure their operations are more resilient, less fossil fuel intensive, and adhering to high health and safety practices.
Platinum also benefits from recycled supply: already a fifth of metal supplied to the market has been recovered from scrap, and this secondary supply will continue for decades to come.
Currently, platinum’s largest application is in automotive emission control systems for internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. In 2022, around 85 tonnes of platinum was used for catalytic converters as tightening emission regulations around the globe kept demand high. But as we transition to a net zero economy and more countries phase out the sale of new ICE vehicles, this market will inevitably decline. Platinum’s second-largest market, jewellery, has been in decline for a decade as consumer trends change in China.
Platinum is ready for a large new market, and FCEVs are the ideal application. With platinum already well supplied and not under demand pressure from its two main markets, it is fair to project an increase in FCEV production can be accommodated within the existing supply base. This will be supported by continued improvement in the efficiency of platinum use in fuel cells: the amount of platinum used in FCEV stacks has already decreased by more than 90% since the early 1990s and we project further substantial reductions by 2050. This will allow FCEVs to take substantial market share of commercial vehicles and play an important role in decarbonising passenger vehicles.
Platinum will help to ease constraints on zero-emissions transportation
It’s important to emphasise the role of FCEVs alongside battery electric vehicles (BEVs) to decarbonise transport in a mineral-constrained world. Often, BEVs are considered the more “efficient” route because they use electricity directly, but this does not consider the metals that go into making batteries. BEVs contain far more critical metals per vehicle than FCEVs, and the environmental impact and other consequences of scaling up the mining of these metals to meet BEV demand must be considered. Using FCEVs alongside BEVs would rebalance and redistribute demand for individual metals, reducing constraints.
Increasing demand for platinum from the FCEV market will incentivise investment in mining and refining infrastructure in southern Africa. The PGM deposits there are vast, but ongoing investment is needed to access new areas of ore as older mine shafts reach end of life. Further supporting availability, there are substantial above-ground stocks of platinum: hundreds of tonnes of platinum ingots and coins in depositories around the world, and also large quantities in use in catalyst or alloy form that could be partially released in the longer term, for example from the petroleum refining industry.
While the ‘cost’ of platinum is sometimes commented on, this is not a useful metric in isolation. Relative intensity of use and ease of reuse should both be considered, rather than the cost per gram of the metal.
Very small quantities of platinum are needed to catalyse the reactions in fuel cells and electrolysers and PGM cost contribution to overall FCEV or electrolyser cost is less than 5%. And, like other PGMs, platinum maintains its properties when it is recycled, so primary and secondary sources are interchangeable. It can be recovered at the end of the useful life of the fuel cell or electrolyser stack, and the value of the metal incentivises this recycling – ensuring the platinum remains available for reuse in new stacks. Platinum already benefits from a global recycling network and significant recycling capacity. In the context of this circularity, then, the purchase of platinum for use in energy transition technologies is an investment in an asset.
Fuel cells and electrolytic hydrogen will help sectors that are the hardest to decarbonise such as heavy-duty vehicles, shipping, and energy intensive industries like steelmaking. Platinum is key to achieving net zero aims, so it’s important that misconceptions about it don’t derail us from maximising its potential.
This article was originally published in H2 View.
